Investments in oil and gas, manufacturing, mining and electricity supply

Enterprise: The smallest combination of legal units that is an organisational unit producing goods or services and that benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision making.

Local unit (establishment): An enterprise or part of an enterprise that is located in one particular place and thus can be identified geographically.

Investment: All acquisitions of new fixed assets with a lifetime of more than one year. The acquisitions must be reported in the period they are made even if they are not been paid for or activated in the accounts. Value added tax (VAT) is reported in net value, i.e. refunded VAT should not be included, but VAT that is not refunded should. Fixed assets acquired from financial leasing are to be included.

Estimated investments: Acquisitions that the establishment plans to make throughout the present quarter and in the short and medium run.

Final investments: Acquisitions that the establishment has made throughout the previous quarter. The concept of final investments does not necessarily imply that the acquired material is put to use.

Machinery: All types of permanent mechanical and electrical equipment, i.e. machinery (including industrial furnaces), transformers, computers (hardware and software), instruments and parts (including installation) plus tools that have a lifetime of several years.

Cars and other means of transport: All types of vehicles, industrial railways, telpher lines, cranes and other means of transport.

Buildings and constructions (manufacturing, mining and quarrying): Manufacturing plants, workshops, storehouses, office buildings, social welfare installations (not houses), docks, silos, mines, quarries, roads, foundations, tunnels, dams, power lines, pipelines etc. except fall rights and the site value. Major repairs and reconstruction projects are also to be included.

Definitions of main concepts, especially related to oil and gas activity:

Exploration:Covers the activity from when the production licence is given until the exploration programme is finished or the licence is returned.

Development: Covers the activity from the time commercial development is approved by the Parliament to start of production, inclusive establishment of the on stream organisation and production drilling.

Production: Covers the activity after the start of production, inclusive production drilling.

Shutdown and removal: Covers the activity related to permanent shutdown fields and wells, inclusive activity performed prior to the shutdown of a field.

Ancillary activity/Onshore activity: Covers the activity in offices and bases onshore; administrative and technical services both to own activity as operator and interests in other production licenses.

The survey is classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification 2007 (SIC2007). This is a Norwegian adaptation of Eurostat’s industry classification, NACE Rev. 2. SIC2007. The use of common standards is essential in order to enable the comparison and analysis of statistical data at an international level and over time.

The survey is also classified according to EUROSTAT's end-use categories (Main Industrial Groupings). The end-use categories are based on the 3-digit level industrial groupings in SIC2007. Six end-use categories are included in the survey:

The following table summarises the most important industries included in the different end-use categories:

For a complete description of the industries covered by each MIG, see Commission regulation (EC) No 656/2007 or  KLASS in the following link: https://www.ssb.no/en/klass/klassifikasjoner/6/varianter/1121.

Name: Investments in oil and gas, manufacturing, mining and electricity supply
Topic: Energy and manufacturing

Division for Business Cycle Statistics

National level only

Published quarterly about 8 weeks after the end of the quarter for final investments. First estimates for the current year are published in the 1st quarter and are based entirely on estimates. Annual estimates for the current year are updated quarterly in 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarter based on final investments in the previous quarter as well as updated estimates for current quarter and the rest of the year. Final annual investments are published 1st quarter the following year. Estimates for next year are published the first time in 2nd quarter the year before, and are updated in 3rd and 4th quarter the year before.

Not relevant

Non-revised and revised micro data are stored in accordance with Statistics Norway's guidelines for storing of computer files.

The survey monitors the development in estimated and final investments within oil and gas activities, manufacturing, mining & quarrying and electricity supply in order to provide information about domestic demand for capital goods. The survey is financed by government appropriations.

From the Q3 publication in 2015, the statistics on investments in manufacturing, mining and quarrying and electricity supply (KIS) is merged with the statistics on oil and gas activities, investments (OLJEINV). The combined statistics will provide a more comprehensive presentation of final and planned investments for oil and gas, manufacturing, mining and quarrying and electricity supply.

The two merged statistics have the same conceptual build-up, regarding press release and analysis.

On a quarterly basis, both statistics provide figures for actual investments made in the previous quarter, as well as updated annual estimates for the current and the next year. However, the two statistics are quite different when it comes to the collection of data and in the formula build-up. In the statistics on oil and gas activities all active enterprise are included in the statistical sample; in other words the sample is identical to the population. Statistics on investments in manufacturing, mining and quarrying and electricity supply (KIS), on the other hand, is based on sample of the population.

Before the merger, the statistics on oil and gas activities, investments (OLJEINV) has been published quarterly since 1984, while statistics on investments in manufacturing, mining and quarrying and electricity supply (KIS) has been published quarterly since 1973.

Large revisions in oil and gas activity:

As

of 2014 the category shutdown and removal was included in the statistics for oil and gas activities, investments. Until the statistical year 2012 this category was collected annually as a part of the current expenditure costs for the oil and gas industry. In accordance with international guideline changes the Norwegian annual national account regards these types of costs as an investment, as of the main revision 2014. In order to maintain accordance with the annual national account these costs were thus included in the statistics for oil and gas activities, investments. Figures going back to 2002 were also moved to the investment statistics.

Shutdown and removal also includes permanent shutdown (plugging) of wells. In the annual statistic, until the statistical year 2013, these costs were only collected for fields which where actually shut down. As of 2013 these costs are also collected for all active fields, since permanent shut down of wells may be performed while the field is still in production. Thus these types of costs are now collected by a larger population than before the revision. Hence, the figures for removal and shutdown before and after 2013 are not comparable. However, it may also be the case that costs related to shut down of wells which were not reported as shut down and removal before 2013 may have been included as production drilling investments under the category production.

In 2015 a revision of the questionnaires for oil and gas activities, investments was performed. Most of the questionnaires were simplified by removing some of the sub- cost categories.

Large revisions in manufacturing, mining and quarrying and electricity supply:

In Q2 2000 there was a comprehensive revision of the survey. The coverage was improved, and the industrial classification was revised for individual establishments. As from Q1 2004 results are estimated for the entire population. Prior to Q1 2004 the statistics was based on results for a sample of approximately 1900 establishments. High coverage and a high response rate were the incentives for using this simple form of aggregation.

As from Q1 2009 all results will refer to SIC2007. Historical series have been recalculated according to this version of SIC, and results dating back to 1995, or in some cases 1990, are available in the Statbank database. Historical series based on SIC2002 are still available in the Statbank database, but they will not be updated.

Internal users include statistics like the Quarterly National Accounts and the Economic Trends for Norway and Abroad . The results are also used in economic research.

External users include mass media, banks and financial institutions, public institutions like the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Norway etc.

No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on ssb.no at 8 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given inthe Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of Statistics Norway’s key principles for ensuring that all users are treated equally.

Results from the quarterly investment statistics are used by the Quarterly National Accounts to forecast the level of annual investments.

Investment statistics are also available in the annual structural business surveys for oil and gas activities , manufacturing, mining & quarrying , electricity supply and district heating. This data is also included in the build- up of the

Oil and gas activity:

The information is collected by Statistics Norway on behalf of Norwegian Petroleum Directorate authorized in law by the Act of 29 November 1996 No. 72 relating to petroleum activities. Statistics Norway makes use of the information in preparation of official statistics, authorized in law by The Statistics Act of 1989.

Manufacturing, mining and electricity supply:

The Statistics Act of 16 June 1989, §§ 2-1, 2-2 and 2-3

Not relevant

The statistics covers mining and quarrying (05, 07, 08, 09.9), manufacturing (10-33) and electricity supply (35), extraction of crude oil and natural gas (06) as well as pipeline transport (49.5), see Standard Industrial Classification 2007(SIC2007). The population is defined by the Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises, and establishment is used as observation unit since it has a more delineated and homogenous activity than an enterprise.

Manufacturing, mining and electricity supply:

The survey uses information from the Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises and investment data collected by questionnaire from the observation units included in the sample. Annual structural data for manufacturing, mining & quarrying and annual structural data for electricity supply are used to inflate the results to population level.

The gross sample includes about 1850 establishments and represents 9 per cent of the population. The observation units cover 80 per cent of the total level of investment for the industries covered by the survey.

The sample includes all establishments with 100 employees or more. Large investment projects in industries covered by the survey are also included. The remaining units are drawn by using a method based on stratification and optimal allocation with probability proportional to the size of the unit measured by the number of employees.

In principle, establishments with less than 10 employees are not included in the survey, but some exceptions are made. This can be newly started establishments which have not yet registered employment figures, units within electricity supply which have inadequate employment figures and units in industries whit very few numbers of establishments.

Oil and gas activity:

For extraction of crude oil (06.100), extraction of natural gas (06.200) and pipeline transport (49.500) questionnaires are filled out by operators with extraction licenses. For these industries all active enterprises are included in the survey; the sample is identical to the population.

Manufacturing, mining and electricity supply:

The survey is based on data collected by questionnaires. The questionnaires are returned electronically via Altinn.  The questionnaires are available in Altinn in the middle of the first month of each quarter for the first, second and fourth quarter. For the third quarter, the questionnaires are available at the end of June.

The deadline for returning the questionnaire is normally in the beginning of February, May, August and November. Respondents who fail to return the questionnaire receive a compulsory fine 5 days after the deadline, whereupon a new deadline of  7-9 days is set.

The questionnaires are downloaded from Altinn, and the data are automatically checked for duplicates and errors in totals. The results are also checked for deviations from data collected in previous quarters. When there are considerable deviations the establishment is contacted. Editing on an aggregated level is conducted by assessing the development over time, and unacceptable series lead to further editing of the data. Comparisons with annual structural statistics for manufacturing, mining & quarrying, electricity supply and district heating are also carried out.

Results are inflated to population level by using a ratio estimator. Investment data from the annual structural statistics for manufacturing, mining & quarrying and for electricity supply are used for calculating the ratios. The population and the sample are divided into sub-groups prior to estimation, first by grouping the establishments into publication levels approximately equal to 2-digit NACE (SIC2007) and then by stratifying the publication levels. The size of the establishment's average investments as registered in the annual structural statistics is used as stratification variable. Results from the three most recent annual surveys are used for calculating average investments.

Estimates are made for each publication level * stratum. The largest projects are not included in the estimation, but are added to the results to calculate the total level of investment within each publication level. Totals for mining & quarrying, manufacturing and electricity supply are created by summarising the estimates.

Oil and gas activity:

Figures for accrued and estimated investments in the oil and gas activity are collected for a number of goods and services. The accrued investment costs are requested. The investments contain the industry sector`s extraction of crude oil and natural gas, and pipeline transport (06.100, 06.200, 49.50) and are divided into investments for exploration, field development, fields on stream, shutdown and removal onshore activities and pipeline transport.

The data is collected by an electronic file transfer system (MoveIT), and the respondents are licence operators on the Norwegian continental shelf.

The data are automatically checked for duplicates and errors in totals. The results are also checked for deviations from data collected in previous quarters. When there are considerable deviations the establishment is contacted. Editing on an aggregated level is conducted by assessing the development over time, and unacceptable series lead to further revision of the data.

Quarterly investment figures on oil and gas activity are also seasonally adjusted as of Q3 2015.

Time series sometimes contain significant seasonal variation that makes it difficult to interpret the results from one period to another. This problem is solved with the help of sesonal adjustment. The Quarterly Investment Statistics uses X12-ARIMA to calculate seasonally adjusted figures and smoothed seasonally adjusted figures. For further information, please see the section  About seasonal adjustment.

Confidential micro data: According to § 2-4 of the Statistics Act, collected data are subject to secrecy and are to be kept or destroyed in a secure manner. Any use of the data must be in accordance with the rules set out by the Data Inspectorate.

Time series that are not to be published: The publication of data is subject to the provisions in § 2-6 of the Statistics Act. The main rule is that data should not be published if they can be traced back to the respondent, i.e. figures for which less than three respondents make up the foundation for a cell in the table, figures where one respondent represents more than 90 per cent of the total value or figures where two respondents represent at least 95 per cent of the total value. In the Quarterly Investment Statistics this is the case in sector 05, 12 and 19 (SIC2007).

Unpublished data: Revised data which are not published are subject to secrecy. This implies that they are unavailable to Statistics Norway's employees without distinct approval.

As from Q1 2009, SIC2002 is replaced by SIC2007 (chapter 2.1). Users must ensure that they use results based on the same version of SIC when making comparisons over time. Historical series based on SIC2002 are available in the Statbank database for 1989 to 2008.

Measurement errors are caused by the questionnaire or the respondent’s internal systems for obtaining the data. One source of measurement errors may be ambiguous guidelines. Great effort is put into avoiding this kind of errors, and the introduction of electronic data collection has reduced the scope of measurement errors by integrating logical controls in the questionnaires.

Processing errors may occur when Statistics Norway process the data. Typical examples are misinterpretations, or when correct answers are assumed to be false and corrected. Electronic data collection through Altinn has reduced these kinds of errors.

Errors of non-response refer to errors that either occurs due to missing questionnaires or blank boxes in the questionnaire. The response rate when the deadline expires is around 97 per cent for manufacturing, mining and electricity supply, and 99.5 per cent for oil and gas activity. Critical units, i.e. units that have a considerable impact on the results on a detailed level aggregation (2-digit NACE), are contacted by telephone. Calculations of the effect of missing units have been done, but so far any evidence of skewness has not been uncovered. Missing questionnaires for manufacturing, mining and electricity supply are imputated by the use of figures from previous surveys (cold-deck). Boxes in the questionnaire that are left blank (partial non-response) are treated as zero. This is not always correct. In general, it is difficult to identify this type of errors, and a great deal of effort is put into securing the quality of the data from units with a considerable effect on the overall level of investment within a single industry.

Sampling errors refer to uncertainty that occur in sample surveys as opposed to a full count. The sample variance equals the expected deviation between a sample survey and a full count. In order to ensure a high degree of relevance at the lowest cost possible, great effort is put into including all large units in the population in the sample. Calculations of the size and significance of this type of error have not yet been carried out. Establishments that close down may be a source of skewness if the proportion of close downs in the sample deviates from the population. The quarterly investment statistics is based on a fixed sample (panel). Periodic updates of the sample ensure that this is in accordance with the population. Sampling errors are not relevant for oil and gas activity since all active units are included in the survey; i.e the sample is identical to the population.

Coverage errors refer to errors in the registers that define the population. As a result, units may be incorrectly included in or excluded from the population. This is usually due to misleading or insufficient information at a certain time. Calculations of the size and significance of such errors have not yet been carried out. However, such errors are not considered to be greater than for other quantitative short-term statistics. Annual revisions of the industry classification for the sample units are performed around Q2 every year in order to ease these types of errors.

Modelling errors are first and foremost related to problems with seasonal adjustment of time series. Such problems are caused by deviation from the conditions that form the basis for the model used. Typical problems are related to movable public holidays such as Easter. However, such problems are considered greater for surveys published on a monthly basis. X12-ARIMA generates a number of indicators that are used to evaluate the quality of the seasonal adjustment. These indicators have identified a stable seasonal pattern for manufacturing, electricity supply and oil and gas activities. However, this is not the case for mining and quarrying.

Not relevant